The Great American Indigence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Great American Indigence - Research Paper Example On the off chance that the salary circulation of a market isn't equivalent, at that point the asset assignment gets inadequate. In such conditions, the economy gets bifurcated into two gatherings to be specific, the ‘haves’ and the ‘have nots’. An expansion in the quality of the last is the basic factor which creates neediness in the economy. This examination paper will clarify the destitution of U.S. in subtleties. US Poverty: Neediness is the condition of wretchedness that can exist in any country on the planet. In the event that a country is poor, at that point it isn't equipped for meeting the essential necessities of its residents. Destitution not just hoses the monetary success of a nation, yet additionally realizes the defeat of human advancement in a nation1. This examination paper will think about the degree of neediness in United States. It was before accepted by the financial experts that neediness just had its quality in the slacking and immature countries on the planet. In any case, the contemporary financial undertakings of the world show that rich created countries like, United States, likewise house generous measure of destitution in its household economy. Destitution in United States: As recorded in 2011, the degree of destitution in United States was about 15%. It was evaluated that around 46.2 million people in the nation were poor11. The middle degree of the family salaries of the people of the nation had fallen by practically 1.5% from 2010 to 2011. It has been asserted by the specialists that the destitution in U.S. is really liable for the ascent in the country’s level of joblessness. After the globalization of the world economy in 1990, the capabilities of the created countries have fallen fundamentally. The fall in the center skills in U.S. have brought about a decrease in business openings in the country. The fall in the pay possibilities have expanded the destitution in U.S. On the other hand, the destitution in U.S. supposedly is commonly urban in nature. III. Reasons for Poverty There are different causes or reasons that have caused the destitution in U.S. The large American corporate organizations consistently re-appropriate their prerequisite of gifted work workforce from the creating countries on the planet. This is on the grounds that talented and taught laborers in those countries are accessible at a less expensive expense. This has made the U.S. workforce less serious in nature, in this manner coming up short on the best possible information which is required for keeping up high paid occupations. Hence, absence of advanced education and information among the young people of U.S. is a prime explanation behind its approaching urban neediness. The downturn on the planet economy since 2007 has stoked the fire of consternation for the U.S. people. Low speed of cash flow in the economy has decreased the efficiency and speculation edges of the nation2. A fall in the degree of efficiency in the economy has been liable for the activity misfortunes in the country. In figure 1 toward the end, it tends to be seen that during the time from 1968 to 2012, the workforce investment in U.S. didn't increment. Or maybe, the pattern show s a fall in the business openings. Of course, it is evident and very regular that the populace quality of the nation has expanded with time. The business level in the country has not expanded in identicalness to the ascent in the number of inhabitants in the nation10. This shows an enormous extent of the people in U.S. is jobless and in this manner, drives their lives as poor urban people. The

Presentation and Supplementary Report Assignment

Introduction and Supplementary Report - Assignment Example Associations need to hold up under the high beginning expense of gaining and running the tasks, however imaginative advancements in innovation is shortening the life expectancy of the past one. This is driving the associations to re-put resources into current innovation, and expanding the expense to the organization. Aside from this, in the event that today’s condition is thought of, at that point the preferences of clients are likewise evolving every now and again. The quick changing suppositions, way of life, and inclinations represent a test for the assembling industry associations, as they can't actually evaluate the inclinations of their objective client gathering. Further, age holes in the general public have additionally made it hard for the advertisers to decide the buyer conduct. Organizations are contributing vigorously on breaking down purchaser conduct, in order to decide the fitting method of fulfilling the necessities of the clients. Business associations are con fronting a two sided challenge, in which the primary side is buyer inclination and conduct, on the opposite side is the vicious rivalry in the market. The downturn is positively pressing the spending of the purchasers and the market of the organizations. Nations like UK, USA slipped into profound credit crunch, which likewise drove its organizations both out in the open and private division into the financial lull. This additionally demonstrates the difficulties looked by the associations in the past are not quite the same as those confronted now. The world is changing quickly and the associations are confronting difficulties like serious rivalry, thorough moral examination, globalization, digitalized working environment, prerequisite for quick reaction, and expanding level of decent variety. These referenced difficulties which are influencing the business association are further influencing the general public on the loose. Administrators in associations measure promoting exhibitions for assessing and breaking down adequacy and effectiveness of the business. This can be practiced by focusing on the

How the Conditioned Stimulus Works in Classical Conditioning

How the Conditioned Stimulus Works in Classical Conditioning Do you remember how eager for food you were every time you heard the end of class bell back when you were still in school?Do you remember this one time when you were going back home through a dark alley and a dog started barking at you?Do you remember how from that moment on you started avoiding the shortcut and took a detour even if you were longing for a bed for hours already?These simple examples are just a brief notion of what lies ahead in this article.Namely, we will try to present some basic elements of one of the psychological principles which was discovered by accident.The human brain is a mighty network which is so complicated that even after decades of exploration, it is still a huge black hole that remains a mystery to most scientists.Sometimes it all seems so simple.Your brain controls your extremities, your eyes, your speech, even creativity (that, by the way, you can boost with some interesting techniques).You see an input of sorts and you provide the necessary output. And definitely, this is the easy part.But what happens in those cases as depicted in the beginning?Why are we prone to associate a completely isolated (past) instance with future occurrences or internal fears?Why do we keep thinking that we will get to eat every time we hear a bell ringing or that a dog will bark at us or attack us in the same dark alley?This is the complicated part we were talking about. It is here that we are in the complete unknown. In this area, we are in the dark. The human brain has been the focus of attention of multiple studies.One can study it from multiple perspectives such as neurobiological, psychological, or a simply physical aspect where you make an effort to treat a physical injury without leaving detrimental consequences to the other aspects.From the neurobiological and psychological stance, things are everything but simple.Again, the brain is an intricate network, so masterly woven that decades may pass and we will still know almost nothing about i t.However, according to the aforementioned, our brain inevitably creates and controls certain processes within us that for quite some time we were unable to understand.The situation would have persisted had it not been for Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian psychologist who quite accidentally discovered an occurrence called classical conditioning.THE IMPORTANCE OF IVAN PAVLOVAs briefly mentioned in the Introduction, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian psychologist who was born at the beginning of the 20th century.At a certain point of his career, Pavlov was deeply interested in studying gastric system and with this aim he conducted his medical experiments on dogs.Most surely, his main research made a significant contribution to gastric medicine and he was properly awarded for the results.Still, this work of his also resulted in a by-product, which Pavlov decided not to neglect.This by-product that Pavlov encountered by mere chance, is known as one of the most relevant predecessors of behavioural psychology today.If we want to understand thoroughly why Pavlov’s work is so significant even in the 21st century, we need to bring to mind his experiment on dogs.Namely, Pavlov was originally interested in learning how the gastric system of animals, and consequently humans, works and what the role of saliva and salivating was in food digestion.To this end, Pavlov decided to study dogs in laboratory conditions.As a consequence, dogs were kept in compartments and were given food regularly. Every time the dogs were presented with food, their glands would start producing saliva.The dogs were observed and the quantity of saliva duly measured.As time went by, Pavlov noticed that dogs eventually started salivating even before the food was placed in front of them.Eventually, he realized how something else was causing the dogs’ glands to produce saliva, some external factor associated with the food, but still completely independent of it.As it turned out, the laboratory staf f members were bringing in the food for dogs, so every time the dogs would see a white coat, they would start salivating.To confirm his theory, Pavlov later introduced various other triggers occurring before the food was brought in.These were occurrences such as electric shocks, buzzing sounds, etc. that the dogs were exposed to before the actual eating.And, as Pavlov suspected, the dogs developed an association between these and the feeding process so any time they were shocked or they heard the buzzer, their glands would begin to salivate.While studying this theory even further, Pavlov discovered that the “accidental” and “unrelated” stimulus could also be un-learned.Once he confirmed that shocks or sounds would cause the salivating process, he decided to see what happens if the process was reversed.Namely, on multiple occasions he would shock the dogs, leaving the food out.Finally, the dogs learned that shocks were not related to food in any case whatsoever.As the shocks repeated and no food was placed in front of them, dogs first decreased the saliva amount and eventually stopped salivating completely. IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOVS EXPERIMENT ON DOGS AND RESULTEven though Pavlov’s intention was to study something completely different, he actually stumbled upon a very significant discovery.This experiment on dogs showed how the animal brain creates a link between a completely unintentional instance with a completely intentional one.Of course, some repetition was necessary, but the brain shortly “picked” up how white coat or buzzing was linked with the food and eating.Despite the fact that the experiment was conducted on dogs, the conclusion is easily transferable to the human brain.When we are exposed to some stimuli and a reaction follows remember now the example of a dog barking at you in a dark alley â€" we are linking this stimulus to each future instance expecting and displaying the same reaction.AFTER PAVLOVWe have established that Pavlov’s experiment and research were purely accidental. However, they did light a spark in other scientists.Namely, an American psychologist, John B. Watson resumed Pavlov’s work and moved to another direction.His idea now was to confirm the occurrence of the same behaviour pattern in humans.For this aim, he conducted an experiment which today would be rather unethical.The experiment in question was conducted on a nine months old baby named Albert, which is why the experiment is today known as Little Albert Experiment.Watson was trying to induce phobias from fury animals or objects in infants, so what he did was placing little Albert on a mattress and let it play with a white rat.At first, Albert showed no signs of fear and would calmly play with the rat.Later on, Watson moved on and started introducing loud and unpleasant sounds every time Albert would touch the rat.As the situation repeated several times, the infant developed a fear of the rat and started crying every time the rat woul d show up even when the sound was left out.Moreover, little Albert supposedly developed a phobia from all other furry animals and objects and not only rats.Had it been different times, Watson would probably not be allowed to conduct an experiment as severe as that. Still, despite the fact that it was a highly unethical act, the experiment did confirm the same thesis Pavlov established with dogs.The final conclusion was also that our mind starts creating links between a natural stimulus that the mind is supposed to focus on and environmental condition which is originally introduced by mere accident. TERMS AND DEFINITIONSToday, classical conditioning is an acclaimed psychological theory which has developed even further after Pavlov’s original experiment and discovery, and some early stages of its development were depicted in the previous chapter.1. TermsAs is the case in all fields of study, the theory demanded its own terminology.For this purpose, certain phrases and terms were coi ned to help us precisely define the occurrences depicted in both Pavlov’s and Watson’s experiment.The terms which are the essence of this theory are present below.StimulusResponseUnconditioned stimulusConditioned stimulusUnconditioned responseConditioned responseGeneralisation2. DefinitionsBefore we go further into defining and explaining each of these terms separately, let us focus on what classical conditioning is.Classical conditioning is a form of subconscious learning where two independent stimuli are paired so as to produce a response. This is the process of learning by association.The stimuli you, i.e. your brain, pair are the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus after which you produce a conditioned response.To put it in simple terms, classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian conditioning) means that two stimuli are linked together to produce a new learned response in a person or animal.The stimulus is any feature of the environment, whether intentional or accide ntal, which triggers the response.The response is virtually the reaction of the subject to the given stimuli, i.e. the behaviour induced by stimuli.From our previous explanations, we can conclude that the unconditioned stimulus is the natural occurrence, the one we produced intentionally. It is a naturally occurring act, i.e. stimulus.On the other hand, the conditioned stimulus is the unrelated act, at first, which leads to a response we were expecting to achieve by introducing the unconditioned stimulus.This conditioned stimulus is the environmental stimulus, which is later deliberately linked with the neutral one. It only has an effect when linked with the unconditioned stimulus.The unconditioned response is the original reaction to the unconditioned stimulus.The conditioned response is the behaviour caused by the conditioned stimulus.The generalisation is recreating conditioned response under stimuli similar to the original environmental stimulus.Recovery is the un-learning proce ss where the subject slowly goes back to the stage which does not include any environmental conditioning.To make things a bit more clear, let us briefly re-create Pavlov’s experiment and break it down to simple steps.At the same time, we will explain each of the terms by giving relevant examples from the experiment.To summarize, Pavlov was studying the effect of saliva on food digestions in dogs. In order to achieve this, he had to give food to dogs.Food, in this case, is the natural stimulus, i.e. the unconditioned stimulus. Upon seeing food, dogs start creating saliva through their glands.The salivation process represents the unconditioned response here.Now, if we introduce an environmental element to the story, for example, a bell â€" it will produce no response at first. However, if this neutral stimulus is combined with the unconditioned stimulus, it will lead to a response.If we repeat it a sufficient number of times, i.e. if we pair the neutral stimulus with the uncondition ed stimulus often enough, the bell ringing becomes our conditioned stimulus.In each future instance, even when the food is absent, bell ringing will still cause salivating, which in this case becomes the conditioned response.As for generalising here, let’s assume that the bell is slightly changed. For some time, the dog will still salivate, linking this sound to the one he had been used to.Once we sever the links between the unconditioned and conditioned stimulus and present the subject with the conditioned stimulus only, the conditioned response will gradually subside until it completely disappears.What might additionally help in understanding the links between different stimuli and different responses is the diagram below. It clearly shows the chronological and logical sequence of events causing dogs to salivate. Source: en.wikipedia.org  From the example given above, we can conclude that classical conditioning consists of three consecutive stages.During Stage 1, the unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response.To put it simply, a stimulus causes a response, or behaviour, which is unconditioned, or unlearned.During this stage the neutral stimulus is present, but still, his effect is not observed, i.e. recognized.In Stage 2, the neutral stimulus gets associated with the unconditioned stimulus and thus becomes the conditioned stimulus. In order to be fully recognized, the conditioned stimulus needs to happen prior, or simultaneously, to the unconditioned stimulus.During Stage 3, the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus are fully linked one with another and together they create a new conditioned response. CONDITIONED STIMULUS IN REAL LIFEEven though examples of classical conditioning we described previously were purely experimental, this is the phenomenon we encounter on a daily b asis.This is again the time to remind ourselves of the brief examples given in the introductory part.Besides these, let us take a look into some typical examples of how conditioned stimulus works in everyday situations.1. Virus + Favourite PizzaJane is coming down with a virus and is currently not aware of it yet. Jane is outside ordering takeaway food. It is a delicious pizza that she eats regularly.Upon arriving home, Jane eats the pizza and shortly after gets a bad feeling of nausea.Naturally, Jane will instantly link nausea and the urge to vomit with the pizza, not the underlying virus. Next time, Jane will avoid her favourite pizza remembering how nauseated it made her feel.In this instance, pizza is the conditioned stimulus for Jane, since it leads to a belief that she will get sick every other time when she orders this particular pizza.2. Taxi driver + The Whistling SoundMike has been a taxi driver for 13 years already.Whenever he is available for the ride, potential passenge rs stop him by raising a hand and whistling.One day, Mike hears a whistling sound and stops. As it happens, nobody needed the taxi, it is just local kids playing in the courtyard.As it turns out, whistling became the environmental, i.e. conditioned stimulus for Mike since he linked it with a person calling for a taxi.3. School + BullyingTom is a chubby but sweet little boy who is 11 years old and likes school very much.However, other kids keep either teasing or openly bullying him, saying how obese he is and attributing to him numerous negative nicknames.Eventually, Tom stops feeling happy about going to school and he starts looking for excuses to stay at home.When left with no other choice, the parents decide to transfer him to another school, but his reluctance still prevails.The bullying is the conditioned stimulus for Mike, since he linked it with school kids and school in general and is afraid to interact with other children.4. Riding a Bike + Falling DownMichelle rides her bik e to work every morning. She is very skilled and usually very careful when riding a bike. However, one morning she falls down.The next morning, she additionally slows down on the place where she fell as a means of being extra careful.When she fell down, Michelle associated the path, i.e. the precise location, with the fall so this place becomes the conditioned stimulus for her.EVERYDAY APPLICATIONS OF CONDITIONED STIMULUSHaving introduced a few typical examples of conditioned stimulus in real life, we can move on and say how classical conditioning can be used to reverse some of the negative feelings in humans. Besides these, classical conditioning has a wide scope of applicability.For example, if a child does not like a particular subject at school, the teacher can apply classical conditioning, i.e. conditioned stimulus, to help her overcome her aversion towards the subject.The teacher can achieve this by presenting the teaching material in a funny way or link the topic with the stu dent’s other interest.In such a way, the student will begin to relieve herself of the feeling of aversion and will gradually stop disliking the given subject.Next, conditioned stimulus can be used in treating and overcoming various phobias in patients suffering from these.For example, the therapist can gradually expose the patient to the object that the phobia is directed to, combining it with relaxation techniques.In such a way, the patient will start pairing the object he was initially afraid of with feeling relaxed. As time progresses, the phobia will gradually subside.Besides humans, the conditioned stimulus might also be effective in training animals to certain behaviours you want to suppress or promote.For example, a farmer may protect his crops from domestic animals by giving them crops mixed with some additive causing indigestion.In that case, the animals will try the food (crops) and see that there is something wrong with it.In that case the conditioned stimulus helps to suppress their natural urge to feed themselves with the crops farmer needs for his own purpose.FINAL WORDThe human brain is a mystery which remains unravelled after decades of exploration and study.Centuries have passed and humankind made enormous scientific progress, but when it comes to brains there is so much more to be investigated.Multiple and extensive research will still have to be made in the years, even decades, to come before we are fully able to understand how this little mechanism in our head works.Still, one thing is certain. Our brain is always busy working, being active and leading multiple processes relevant for our normal functioning, such as walking, moving our hands, speaking, and perceiving the world around us.Moreover, it turns out our brain can be tricked into believing something by simply being exposed to certain stimuli.As this article briefly depicted, our brain can pair up two completely unrelated actions and produce a result which was supposed to be achiev ed by only one of those actions.If you keep repeating the unplanned circumstance, that is, the stimulus, with the planned one the result you wanted to achieve will be inevitable.The above is the main postulate of classical conditioning model accidentally discovered by Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov.Since his time, the theory has been developed further and applied in many situations, and it has even been disputed as deterministic and favouring nurture over nature.If we leave out the experimental factor, one must inevitably say that classical conditioning has found its place in behavioural psychology and that conditioned stimulus is found its place in many therapy methods.If applied appropriately, it can help patients with phobias, addicts of various kinds or simply people with negative feelings.

Human Resources Free Essays

string(51) " identify ways and means o overcome them together\." Q. 1 Write down the difference between Personnel management and Human Resource management. Ans. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Resources or any similar topic only for you Order Now Distinction between Personnel management Human Resources management The history of Human Resources management traces its roots to the erstwhile Personnel management that was prevalent in the companies of a few decades ago. Though the two terms ‘Personnel Management’ and ‘Human Resources Management’ are interchangeably used by most of the authors, there are key differentiators that make Personnel Management (PM) different from Human Resources Management (HRM). HRM is clearly based on the foundation of behavioural science knowledge relating to the handling of employees to motivate organizational goals. The focus is more proactive approach and pays attention to employee satisfaction and delight. Business goals and objectives and the strategies that will enable this to happen are the foundation for HRM. The basic philosophy is driven by the Theory Y approach where the belief is that people like to work and do not prefer t be supervised and made to perform. The employee becomes a champion for the organization and its product/service. PM is that management style that deals with the control and reactive problem solving approach to resolve employee issues in a organizations. The philosophy for the PM approach relied on the Theory X approach that believed that people do not naturally like to work and need to be coerced to work and often need to be driven to work. Is more the ‘stick’ approach rather than ‘carrot’ approach. Rigid rules of do’s and dont’s exist and these provide the framework for employee’s behaviour at the workplace. Employee welfare and formal grievance systems play a significant role here and thereby managing industrial relations with high amount of trade union activity are highlighted. Very few organizations today practice this style to people management, as the benefits and the long term gains from a HRM approach, impact business results far more. HRM emphasizes on training, as an important area of people management, which covers the following aspects: 1. Increasing productivity 2. Improving quality 3. Improving organizational climate 4. Ensuring personnel growth etc. Q. Write a note on scope of HR in India. Ans. Scope of HR in India Contrary to these forces, in India the owner manager/government/public sector manager was an industry icon and a national hero of sorts. The Personnel Management practices were dominant of the ‘brick-and-motor’ industry. Though the approach was largely welfare oriented and reactive in nature it served effectively for the large PSU organizations that built the country’s foundation. Its only in the past 10-12 years with the immense growth on account of the IT industry that winds of change began to blow. It was largely the advent of the Information Technology era in India that brought with it the western management practices. MNC’s (multinational companies) started up their operations in India. The FDI (foreign direct investment) went up steeply as the world saw the potential in the country’s human resources. India became a preferred location for MNC’s primarily from the USA, followed by other developed countries. The gave birth to a new generation of management as well as HRM practices. New hiring methods, new ways of paying salaries, new employment terms and most importantly increased focus on individual performance and outcomes. There was emphasis on deliverables and linking individual and team performance to business results and success. Given the highly educated workforce there was a de-emphasis in the role of the trade unions. The era of the trade union dominance gave way to the new order of individual negotiated salaries and terms and clearly performance linked assessment systems. Another transformation that the Indian workplace witnessed was the focus on ethics and ethical practices in doing business. It was only fair to expect that with the weak legal system, it needed the support of the government policies and the corporate policies to beat the corruption that existed. This has significantly contributed to India emerging as a preferred destination for doing business. All of this has yielded to give way to the birth of the ‘professional manager’ Professional managers today are a critical and essential part of the Indian corporate. The professional manager brought about a shift in the culture from a highly authoritarian approach of getting work done, to a more collaborative and participative approach. The entrepreneurs who earlier operated in a secure, sheltered market and hardly face challenges, were challenged by the globalization that swept in with the liberalization policies and measure brought in by the Indian government late 1995 and onwards. Despite the challenges, the Indian employee and his manager evolved. Together they stepped up to face the challenge head-on and to win not only in India but also globally. The levers of (a) low cost, (b) highly skilled, and (c) English as the medium of education and it being the corporate-language: were the key drivers that enabled the flow of global business to India. There was exponential growth in employment both directly (jobs in the international and domestic companies) as well as indirectly (as support industries like transport, catering and ancillary industries). The simultaneous investment of the government in building the necessary infrastructure did its share of providing impetus towards creating more jobs for the people of the country. Hence, human relations movement in India has evolved very differently as compared to what we see in the developed economies of the USA and the UK. What is currently acting as a limitation is the enhanced awareness on the need for research based HRM practices. While there is a lot of work happening in the Indian education system to promote this, it is going to take a while before it can create a distinct body of knowledge that is referenceable. For now the industry relies on emulating westerns HR practices and customizing on a as-needed basis for the Indian corporation. For the rest the industry forums and consortiums like the NASSCOM act as a hub bringing together organizations on a regular basis to discuss challenges and share best practices and identify ways and means o overcome them together. You read "Human Resources" in category "Papers" So far this has been successful and working to the advantage of the Indian corporate. Leading MNC research and consulting firms like Mercer and Hewitt too contribute to the industry through carrying out research and sharing reports on a regular basis. The approach however remains analytical and less prescriptive. Q. 3 Explain the critical steps in Human Resource Planning system. Ans. We will attempt to discuss in details the critical steps that are part of the above system. A. Purpose of Human Resource Planning: Human Resource Planning fulfils individual as well as organizational goals. What it essentially amounts to is â€Å"striking a balance† between the future human resources needs and the future enterprise needs. And this is done with the clear objective of maximizing the future return on investment in human resources. And this objective may be laid down for a short-term (i. e. for one year). B. Estimating/Forecasting the future Manpower Requirements: the first step in the process is to arrive at the desired organizational structure at a given point in time. Mapping this structure with the existing structure helps in identifying the gap in resources requirement. The number and type of employees needed have to be determined. In addition to the structure there are a number of external factors that affect this determination. They include business forecasts, competitor strategy, expansion plans, product/skills mix changes, profit/revenue growth projections, in addition to management philosophy and government policies. This step also includes an analysis of the external labour/talent environment, its demographics, demand/supply of the required talent, and cost considerations. C. Auditing Human Resources: Once the future human resource needs are estimated, the next step is to determine the present supply of manpower resources. This is done through what is called â€Å"Skills Inventory†. A skills inventory contains data about each employee’s skills, abilities, work preferences and other items of information which indicate his worth to the company. Skills inventory are also referred to as competency dictionaries. This information is us ually retained as part of the performance management system with the HR department. This step in the HRP system helps identify the existing profile of the manpower and its efficiency. It helps highlight where the organization is vs. where it ought to be. The step concludes with identifying clear gaps in the skills/ manpower mix required to meet the upcoming business objectives. D. Job Analysis: After having decided how many persons would be needed, it is necessary to prepare a job analysis. The recorded details of training, skills, qualification, abilities, experience and responsibilities, etc. as needed for a job are studied. Job analysis includes the preparation of job descriptions and job specifications. E. Developing a Human Resource Plan: This step refers t the development and implementation of the human resource plan, which consists in finding out the sources of labour supply with a view to making an effective use of these sources. Some important considerations at this point are: †¢ Specific roles/disciplines being hired for, of them which roles are pivotal for the business †¢ Competencies and capabilities needed †¢ Manager vs. employee hiring †¢ Hire internally vs. External sourcing †¢ Planning for new skills through training existing staff vs. hiring new teams †¢ In case of surpluses, planning for redeployment/ reduction in orkforce as required †¢ Succession planning for key positions in the company. Q. 4 With reference to the compensation and salary system what are the systems that are helpful to raise the effectiveness of employees Ans. Compensation/ salary systems are designed to ensure that employees are rewarded appropriately depending on what they do and the skills and knowledge (intellect) required for doing a specific job. It must therefore provide for the following key factors in order to be effective: The following factors may be helpful to raise the effectiveness employees Signal to the employee the major objectives of the organizations- therefore it must link to the overall goals and objectives of the company. For example if doing a quality job is critical for the company its compensation system has to ensure that this is adequately rewarded. On the other hand if a company values productivity and units produces, the compensation system would be designed such that productivity is rewarded. †¢ Attract and retain the talent an organization needs – the need to benchmark salaries to the prevalent market standard for that job / skill so that the company is able to attract the right talent. If a enterprises pays a salary lower that what the market does for that job/responsibilities, the probability that suitable candidates would take the job offer and join the company. Even if they do join subsequently when they find that the market pays more for that job they would quickly find a more remunerative job and leave the company. †¢ Motivate employees to perform effectively – as discussed at the outset, money is a key motivator and it often might be the only motivator for most employees, therefore ensuring that compensation is appropriately disbursed need to be taken care of while designing the compensation system. Jobs in the brick and motor, production setups would focus on higher incentive policies that would motivate the employee to produce more while the base-salary would be low. †¢ Create the type of culture the company seeks to engender – compensation systems play a critical role as sponsors for the organizations culture. A performance driven culture would build compensation policies that clearly and significantly reward performance. A company that rewards loyalty would reward employees who stay longer in the company with significantly better incentive programs. Hence we see how compensation systems are reflective of the organizations over all philosophy of what its goals and objectives are and how this can be linked to salary payout. Q. 6 â€Å"Dynamic Learning† is an organization that wants to revise the HR policies. It has conducted a survey and the results of survey indicated that r=there is employee unrest, tardiness, absenteeism, more grievances. This all clearly indicates low morale. Suggest the measures that can be taken to improve employee morale. Ans. Employee Morale Boosters. Morale boosters can take the form of recognition, eompensation, special perks or simply terminating employees. Here are 11 low cost morale boosters: Welcome ideas: Employee morale improves when staff feel they are valued. Share and implement their innovations and ideas. Keep Score: Mount a large score board in the office to recognize top performers and to motivate those on the bottom of the list. Inspect: The old management adage, inspect what you expect is true. Companies with a lack of focus can confuse staff and lead to less morale. Thank You Notes: Send a special thank you letter to you staff’s family or spouse, praising their good work and efforts. Huddle: Have a daily morning huddle to highlights tasks for the day and to cheer yesterday’s wins. Open Up: Provide an open forum or one-on-one time to allow employees to express their concerns and feelings can be an easy means to boost morale. Have Fun: Special events and outside work activities can take the pressure off the day-to-day grind in the office. Show Charity: Get your staff involved in a bigger cause to help them see there is more to life than work. Add Perks: Use low cost perks such as a Foosball table in the lunch room. Fire Staff: Sometimes the root cause of low employee morale can be a staff member whose negativity brings down the group. Even a top performer can bring down staff behind your back. Measure it: Keep tabs on the levels of morale in your business by regularly measuring employee satisfaction. The backbone of business success resides in the productivity and output of your employees. Those companies who remain vigilant to the signs of low morale and who focus on improving morale can thwart off the impact of a low morale workplace. How to cite Human Resources, Papers

The Dark Side of Advertising free essay sample

These are the indestructible jingles that the world of advertising has managed to drum into our heads, over the course of time. Effective? Yes. Escapable? No. Teenagers in contemporary society are exposed to up to 3000 ads per day, meaning that we are constantly bombarded with advertisements from the minute we step outside our bedroom door. As promotional agencies increase their exposure, they have changed the typical nature of advertising and have become more affluent with the strategies and techniques they employ. Advertising has shifted into an industry of its own and is clearly shaping, modifying and defining the moral regulations of a 21st century society. As regular consumers, we are seized under the suffocating grip of advertising manipulation. Its pervasive nature is engulfing our society completely, as we are subliminally involved in the perpetual cycle of advertising. These days, it is irrational to state that ads are avoidable, with their invasive nature constantly peering into our personal environment online, on personal devices, television, radio, billboards and many other vehicles. We will write a custom essay sample on The Dark Side of Advertising or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Dominating and powerful, promotions are a global privacy concern, as ads by Google and other online companies are currently being assembled using our personal information. Google’s privacy policy clearly states that the cunning company uses our intimate information to tailor make ads for products that would appeal to us individually. With an ever-growing rate of fraudulent identity theft and personal information control, do you really want your personal details being manipulated in such a way? In the novel, Ad’s R Us, by Claire Carmichael, arrogant Aunt Kara reveals a comment that is shockingly related to our modern world: â€Å"Privacy is an outdated concept, Barrett. †1 The era of privacy is long-gone, with the act of hiding behind an alias or publishing incognito becoming obsolete at an extraordinary rate. Personal advertising is creating an advanced question, which wouldn’t have crossed the minds of individuals twenty years ago is privacy a privilege or a right? The art of advertising is a nexus of exploiting techniques designed to directly focus on common psychological themes to motivate people to buy products. This keeps consumers coming back after making a direct sale, making us feel complete and whole. Stephen Leacock once famously quoted: â€Å"Advertising is the science of arresting human intelligence long enough to get money from them. † Some of the most common emotions that advertisements appeal to are self-sustaining, sexual desire, self-esteem and imitation. It is illogical to say that advertisements are ‘mind-controlling’, but they are certainly having a strong influence. In March of this year, popular Swisse Vitamins were forced to stop broadcasting their TV advertisements because of false advertising. Their promotions, stating â€Å"You’ll feel better on Swisse! †, were banned by a federal watchdog because the company simply could not prove that customers would feel better on the vitamin tablets. The Machiavellian schemes fixed with modern advertisements are happening in front of our own eyes and are solely focused on fulfilling our personal desires and aspirations. From a young age, advertising is captivating our senses, and eventually turning into us robotic purchasing tools. Lily Allen’s song, The Fear, refers to what humanity has become and the type of people we are turning into â€Å"I am a weapon of massive consumption its not my fault it’s how I’m programmed to function. †2 From birth until death, we are swamped by advertisements, meaning that from a young age we are already becoming buying machines. Will you let yourself be inundated by manipulation in a society flooded with greed and materialism? Did you know that a York University study revealed that American pharmaceutical companies spend twice as much on advertising as they do on research? Advertising agencies’ main concern is, not public satisfaction, but is really making money. A quote by Fred Allen exclaims,â€Å"Advertising is 85% confusion, 15% commission. † Advertisements are intended to persuade customers into purchasing products, regardless of consumer complacency. They don’t care about how we feel as long as we continue to swipe the credit card they will have no concern for consumers. Teens account for US $1 billion in e-commerce spending, meaning that young adults are at a high risk of careless online advertising manipulation by companies. Photoshopping techniques and surgically enhanced bodies are at the heart of modern advertising. The deceiving nature of connotation is casting a gloomy eclipse over advertising, along with the deceit usually automatically attached to the promotion. We are becoming a hyper-stimulated society, obsessed with making purchases because we risk being unworthy or unpopular if we don’t possess a particular product. Consumers are manipulated into a living popularity contest due to the derogatory effects of advertising. James Collins once stated, â€Å"A magazine is simply a device to induce people to read advertising†. With their high number of advertisements, magazines are the number one culprits of photo editing, with almost all of their feature photos or promotions undergoing touch-ups. Did you know that most Victoria’s Secret models in promotions are a size 2, with a 34†-36† bust, 23† waist and 34†-35† hips? Not to mention the hours of retouching, cropping and editing that goes into making the advertisement perfect. These legalised forms of lying3 are sending a notorious message to the naive adolescent brain ‘this is what you should look like’. Will you remain oblivious to the unlawful amount of photoshopping that goes on behind the scenes, in order to remain ‘worthy’ in society? Artificial, provocative, offensive advertising is distorting humanity’s image and outlook on women in an inconceivably disrespectful approach. Due to our high exposure levels, advertising is changing the way we see ourselves and others in the community. We are becoming so familiar with the suggestive advertising that we now disregard it and consider it normality. Young women have primarily become objects of gratification and we have allowed the sexualisation of teens in a shameless, seductive society. Damaging messages from advertising are violently decaying the innocence of civilisation. Women, in recent times, have been portrayed in an absolutely appalling manner, raising affairs such as body image issues, self-esteem problems and sexual exploitation against women, teens and children. American teen fashion enterprises, such as Abercrombie and Fitch and American Apparel, use controversial advertising campaigns, reverting to the modern advertising concept, ‘sex sells’. Because of ads like these, body image issues have skyrocketed, with 29000 adolescents in 2007 believing that body image was the most important issue for them. Companies who use this concept are basically encouraging premature sexualisation, leading to serious issues such as eating disorders and depression. Teenagers are resorting to the twenty-first century version of sexual education, the internet, and effects of inappropriate online advertising are everlasting. By the age of 17, females have seen 250,000 TV commercials telling them they should be a decorative sex object or a body size they can never achieve. Young girls are growing up at a younger age and are concerned about issues that, once upon a time, did not apply to them. Girlfriend magazine has reported that only 8% of readers don’t worry about what boys think of their body. This magazine is targeted at an age bracket of 13-16, meaning that the overwhelming majority (92%) of girls aged 13-16 are concerned about a male perception of their body. This is a shocking expression, but it is absolutely accurate when considering the number of indecent ads aimed at enticing young people. The novel, Ad’s R Us, introduces the idea of a televised teen makeover competition, Ugly D to Teen Queen where minors nominate themselves to be transformed in order to boost self confidence. Once again, advertising is to blame for appearance related issues however, product promotions are still encouraged during the program. â€Å"Thousands of girls will be lining up, hoping to be selected. Countless more will be glued to the screen, watching the program. For companies with the appropriate products, this provides a most desirable teen demographic. †4 Personally, I have fallen victim to the deceit that is teenage advertising, being successfully persuaded to purchase a product â€Å"Mum, everyone has one! Agencies target teens when they are most vulnerable and have the lowest points of self-esteem, effectively twisting their thoughts into believing they need the product. We may think that inappropriate contests and advertisement ideas like this don’t exist in our world, but have we forgotten the infamous ‘Toddlers and Tiaras’ television show? This notorious TV production is simply a replica of Ugly D to Teen Queen in fact, our version is worse , considering the fact that parents nominate their infants and toddlers, who cannot think for themselves, rather than capable teenagers. In conclusion, I strongly believe that our overexposure to advertising is the main perpetrator in society’s loss of privacy, consumer manipulation and deceit, control over decisions, the degrading portrayal of women and the adolescent issues of today. Inescapable advertising is continuing to unreasonably define our morals, making us think twice about the future of modern society. It is directly influencing and affecting future generations, creating a world that could, potentially, be advancing in a dangerous and unstable direction. Young people of today have successfully been convinced that society is their judge and advertising is their mentor and inspiration to feel worthy in civilisation. With the uncertain future of provocative advertisements, the near future seems to reveal a society out of touch with reality and lost within an duplicitous advertising fantasy.

Recent Tips about Writing a Nursing Research Paper

Recent Tips about Writing a Nursing Research Paper Whenever nursing students are expected to write a research paper, it is always advisable that they get the most recent tips about writing a nursing research paper. The tips are meant to assist students come up with the best quality possible as they do their research papers in nursing. The first step that students need to do is to select the topic that they feel suits their field in nursing. However, most nursing colleges ask lecturers to discuss he topics with the students since they know their capabilities in class. A lecturer will know which student can do a tough topic and which student will be challenged if assigned a certain topic to deal with. This makes it easier to come up with standard nursing research papers. However, in the case where the students are allowed to choose a topic of their own, they should ensure that they feel comfortable with it and that they will do their individual research without much strain. Topics can be difficult if the student does not search for relevant information and resources to populate the chapters. This implies that it is important that students research for as much content as possible so that the topic will be discussed as appropriate. Depending on the college and country that students study their nursing courses from. They should be careful to ensure that they follow all the formatting and research guidelines provided by their college. Due to the complexity of the nursing field, students should choose topics from health care, health management, psychiatry, hygiene and ethics among many others. This is an advantage to the students since they have many fields from where to choose a topic. For students to ensure that they find the research interesting, they should choose to research on something that they have always wanted to know more about. This way, they will find the research more of an exploration than an assignment. The students will have enough materials to discuss on. This way, they are assured of good grades and an enjoyable course. One fact that students should always bear in mind is that they need to conduct a comprehensive research on the topic of their choice. They should also research on the different topics that are available from the nursing field. It provides insight on the topics that are available hence making the entire research a simpler one to complete. They should also read different sources before settling down on a research topic. This extensive reading allows the students to get enough materials to help them develop the thesis statement. Research from the internet is good. However, students should get it from their lecturers and supervisors on the sources that are credible and those that are not academic. Feel free to get professional Nursing research paper help from academic writers at CustomWritings.com. Custom nursing research papers written from scratch.

What to do when you just got a raise but it wasnt enoughÂÂ

What to do when you just got a raise but it wasnt enough   For many of us, there’s nothing quite as exhilarating in our professional careers as the day we get a raise. In addition to having some extra money coming our way on a regular basis, it’s a nice acknowledgment that our hard work and effort is appreciated. However, sometimes these moments don’t go exactly as we envisioned. What do you do when you get a raise, but it’s not quite as much as you were hoping for? The â€Å"insufficient raise† can be a very tricky situation to handle. On the one hand, you don’t want to show a lack of appreciation for the gesture, which hopefully came with good intentions. You also likely don’t want to adopt an adversarial or hostile position with your bosses at work. On the other hand, you don’t want the powers that be at your job to think that you’re a complete pushover with no ambition who can be bought off cheaply. You also want to make sure that you’re being fairly compensated for al l of your hard work and effort. So†¦how do you proceed when you find yourself in this unfortunate position?Don’t react emotionallyIf you’re feeling emotional after being presented with a less-than-stellar raise offer, take a deep breath, relax, and realize that you won’t be doing yourself any favors by reacting on your emotions. Not only will it force calm logic and reason- your best tools to convince your bosses that you deserve a larger raise- to take a back seat, you won’t be doing yourself any favors by letting your boss see you at your less-than-professional best. If you can get a hold of your emotions and let reason lead you, you can calmly discuss the situation with your boss and try and reach a mutually beneficial arrangement- but if you’re feeling overly emotional and need some time to collect yourself, then by all means take it.NegotiateKeep in mind that most salary discussions- from the time you’re hired through every raise- are open to some level of negotiation. You won’t be the first employee looking to make a better deal and you certainly won’t be the last. In fact, your boss will not likely be shocked by a â€Å"counter-suggestion† regarding your raise, so don’t approach the moment full of fear or the belief that you’re entering hostile territory. If handled well, a conversation regarding your raise can be a polite and effective exchange of thoughts that can truly benefit both sides. Consider the raise negotiation process an opportunity to reassert your value as an employee, and possibly even redefine or clarify your position and responsibilities moving forward- which can be really beneficial for all involved.Make your caseWhen you enter into a discussion regarding your raise, it’s in your best interest to be prepared to back up your belief that you deserve more with some strong evidence. When stating your case, highlight what you’ve done on the job t o merit a larger paycheck. Discuss your accomplishments as well as any cost saving measures you’ve been involved with, and if you can demonstrate your value to the team moving forward, even better. The stronger your case, the more likely you are to get the raise you’re looking for.Have you just gotten a raise but aren’t thrilled with the amount? Fear not- all is not lost. Use the strategies and advice presented here to try and salvage a challenging situation and turn the tables to your monetary advantage. Good luck!